APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller)

APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller)有分Local / IO APIC這兩種，這兩種都會同時存在系統上,一個管外部一個管內部。Local APIC是每個CPU核心都有的，而IO APIC(Intel 82093)是外部接收中斷的中斷控制器,可以決定要以什麼型態以及發給哪個核心。

Local APIC可以處理以下的中斷：

1. CPU Core相連的I/O設備。比如直接連在LINT0,LINT1 pin上的設備。

2. 外部的I/O設備。這些設備産生的中斷先經過I/O APIC,然後再通過LOCAL APIC到達處理器。

3. Inter-processor interrupts (IPIs), CPU核心之間的中斷。當一個核心想中斷另外一個就可以用IPI。

MCA (Machine Check Architecture)

MCA 最初的設計是用來report hardware error，如 system bus errors, ECC errors, parity errors,

cache errors, TLB errors等等。

register主要分成兩部分 Global Control MSRs與 Error-Reporting Bank Registers

UBUNTU 下的硬碟對拷方法

使用"dd"這個指令，將硬碟a完全複製到硬碟b
(Please prepare a ubuntu system to boot and use buit-in app "dd" to clone disk a, b, c,... to disk a, b, c,...)

1. find your disk by calling built-in app "Disks"  and find which disk is source and which one is destination

for example, my source disk is sdc, destination disk is sda

2. sudo dd if=/dev/sdc of=/dev/sda bs=200M

bs is very critical, although I type 200M, but actually average speed is around 100MB, if you dont give this parameter, the clone process might take very long time

3. wait then done.

<Note>
if you want to see the progress, open a new terminal and type: 

watch -n 5 killall -USR1 dd

Then the dd will start to show the progress every 5 seconds.